slave of sin

δοῦλος, η, ον (s. next entry; Soph. et al.; PGiss 3, 5 ᾧ πάντα δοῦλα; Ps 118:91; Wsd 15:7; Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 156; Ar. [Milne, 76, 49]; SibOr 3, 567) pert. to being under someone’s total control, slavish, servile, subject τὰ μέλη δ. τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ the members enslaved to impurity Ro 6:19; τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ibid.—Subst. τὰ δοῦλα things subservient PtK 2 (s. ὕπαρξις 1).—DELG. TW.

δοῦλος, ου, ὁ (Trag., Hdt.et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr)

① male slave as an entity in a socioeconomic context, slave (‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times [s. OED s.v. servant, 3a and b]; in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished [Goodsp., Probs., 77–79]). Opp. ἐλεύθερος 1 Cor 7:21. Lit., in contrast

ⓐ to a master (Did., Gen. 66, 25): Mt 8:9; 10:24f; cp. J 13:16; 15:20.—Mt 13:27f; 21:34ff; 24:45f, 48, 50; 25:14, 19, 21, 23, 26, 30; cp. Lk 19:13, 15, 17, 22.—Mt 26:51; cp. Mk 14:47; Lk 22:50; J 18:10, 26 (on δοῦλος of the ἀρχιερεύς s. Jos., Ant. 20, 181).—Mk 12:2, 4; 13:34; Lk 7:2f, 8, 10; 12:37, 43, 45ff; 17:7, 9f; J 4:51; Col 4:1 (Billerb. IV 698–744: D. altjüd. Sklavenwesen; SZucrow, Women, Slaves, etc. in Rabb. Lit. ’32; JJeremias, Jerusalem IIb ’37, 184–88; 217–24).—οἱ δ. και οἱ ὑπηρέται J 18:18.—Of slaves sent out with invitations Mt 22:3f, 6, 8, 10; par. Lk 14:17, 21ff; of one who could not pay his debt Mt 18:23, 26ff (but s. 2bα on these pass. fr. Mt). Opp. δεσπότης (as Diod S 15, 8, 2f ὡς δοῦλος δεσπότῃ; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 5) 1 Ti 6:1; Tit 2:9; οἱ δ. in direct address Eph 6:5; Col 3:22.—For lit. on Christianity and slavery (Ath. 35, 1 δ. εἰσιν ἡμῖν ‘we have slaves’ [who can attest our innocence of the charges]) s. on χράομαι la.—Christ, the heavenly κύριος, appears on earth in μορφὴ δούλου the form of a slave (anticipating vs. 8 w. its ref. to crucifixion, a fate reserved for condemned slaves; for the contrast cp. Lucian, Catapl. 13 δοῦλος ἀντὶ τοῦ πάλαι βασιλέως) Phil 2:7 (lit. on κενόω 1b); cp. Hs 5, 2ff (on this MDibelius, Hdb. 564f).—On Ac 2:18 s. under 2bβ.

ⓑ to a free pers. (opp. ἐλεύθερος: Pla., Gorg. 57 p. 502d; Dio Chrys. 9 [10], 4; SIG 521, 7 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 16, 126; Just., D. 139, 5) 1 Cor 7:21f (cp. the trimeter: Trag. Fgm. Adesp. 304 N., quot. fr. M. Ant. 11, 30 and Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 48, δοῦλος πέφυκας, οὐ μέτεστί σοι λόγου=you are a slave, with no share in discussions); 12:13; Gal 3:28; 4:1; Eph 6:8; Col 3:11; Rv 6:15; 13:16; 19:18; IRo 4:3. W. παιδίσκη D 4:10.—House slave in contrast to a son J 8:35; Gal 4:7.

ⓒ in contrast to being a fellow Christian οὐκέτι ὡς δοῦλον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὲρ δοῦλον, ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν Phlm 16.

② one who is solely committed to another, slave, subject; ext. of mng. 1. Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13 express the ancient perspective out of which such extended usage develops: slaves are duty-bound only to their owners or masters, or those to whom total allegiance is pledged.

ⓐ in a pejorative sense δ. ἀνθρώπων slaves to humans 1 Cor 7:23. παριστάναι ἑαυτόν τινι δοῦλον Ro 6:16. δ. τῆς ἁμαρτίας slave of sin J 8:34; Ro 6:17, 20. τῆς φθορᾶς of destruction 2 Pt 2:19 (cp. Eur., Hec. 865 and Plut., Pelop. 279 [3, 1] χρημάτων; Thu. 3, 38, 5; Dio Chrys. 4, 60 τ. δόξης; Athen. 12, 531c τῶν ἡδονῶν; 542d; Aelian, VH 2, 41 τοῦ πίνειν; Achilles Tat. 6, 19, 4 τ. ἐπιθυμίας).

ⓑ in a positive sense

α. in relation to a superior human being (here the perspective is Oriental and not Hellenic). Of humble service (opp. πρῶτος) Mt 20:27; Mk 10:44. According to oriental usage, of a king’s officials (cp. SIG 22, 4; IMagnMai 115, 4; 1 Km 29:3; 4 Km 5:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 70) ministers Mt 18:23, 26ff (s. Spicq, I 383, n. 14 [Lexique 394, n. 4]); cp. the slaves sent out with invitations 22:3f, 6, 8, 10; Lk 14:17, 21ff (but s. 1a above).

β. esp. of the relationship of humans to God (with roots in both OT and Hellenic thought; s. δουλεύω 2aβ) δ. τοῦ θεοῦ slave of God=subject to God, owned body and soul (Eur., Ion 309 τοῦ θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; Cass. Dio 63, 5, 2; CFossey, Inscr. de Syrie: BCH 21, 1897, p. 60 [Lucius calls himself the δοῦλος of the θεὰ Συρία]; PGM 12, 71 δ. τοῦ ὑψ. θεοῦ; 13, 637ff δοῦλός εἰμι σὸς … Σάραπι; 59, 2; 4; LXX; ParJer 6:17 [Baruch]; ApcSed 16:7 p. 137, 15; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 7 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 90; 101): of Moses (4 Km 18:12; 2 Esdr 19:14; Ps 104:26; Jos., Ant. 5, 39) Rv 15:3. Of recipients of gifts from God’s spirit Ac 2:18 (Jo 3:2). Of Christian prophets Rv 10:7; 11:18 (prophets are also called slaves of God in the OT Jer 25:4; Am 3:7; Da 9:6, 10 Theod.). Of the apostles Ac 4:29; 16:17 (δ. τοῦ θεοῦ τ. ὑψίστου as Da 3:93 Theod.); Tit 1:1; AcPl Ha 6, 35; Christ as master (cp. oriental usage, of a king’s official minister, and the interpretation of δ. in such sense [s. 2bα]) puts his slaves, the apostles, at the disposal of the Corinthians 2 Cor 4:5. Of God-fearing people gener. (Ps 33:23; 68:37 al.) Rv 1:1; Lk 2:29; 1 Pt 2:16; Rv 2:20; 7:3; 19:2, 5; 22:3, 6; 1 Cl 60:2; 2 Cl 20:1; Hv 1, 2, 4; 4, 1, 3; m 3:4 al. The one who is praying refers to himself as your (God’s) slave (cp. Ps 26:9; Ch 6:23; Da 3:33, 44) Lk 2:29; Ac 4:29 (FDölger, ΙΧΘΥΣ I 1910, 195ff).—In the same vein, of one’s relation to Christ δ. Χριστοῦ, self-designation of Paul (on the imagery s. Straub 37; DMartin, Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity ’90) Ro 1:1; Gal 1:10; Phil 1:1; cp. Col 4:12; 2 Ti 2:24; Js 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1; Jd 1; Rv 1:1; 22:3; 1 Cor 7:22; Eph 6:6.—On δοῦλοι and φίλοι of Christ (for this contrast s. Philo, Migr. Abr. 45, Sobr. 55; PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 85ff) J 15:15, s. φίλος 2aα.—Dssm., LO 271ff [LAE 323ff]; GSass, δ. bei Pls: ZNW 40, ’41, 24–32; LReilly, Slaves in Ancient Greece (manumission ins) ’78; COsiek, Slavery in the Second Testament World: BTB 22, ’92, 174–79; JHarril, The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity ’95, s. 11–67 on ancient slavery; KBradley, Slavery and Society at Rome ’94; also lit. on χράομαι 1a.—JVogt/HBellen, eds., Bibliographie zur antiken Sklaverei, rev. ed. EHermann/NBrockmeyer ’83 (lists over 5000 books and articles); JCMiller, Slavery and Slaving in World History, A Bibliography 1990–91 ’93 (lit. p. 196–225).—B. 1332. Schmidt, Syn. IV 124–29 s. δεσπότη. New Docs 2, 52–54. DELG. SEG XLII, 1837 (ins reff.). M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

δουλεύω fut. δουλεύσω; 1 aor. ἐδούλευσα; pf. δεδούλευκα J 8:33, ptc. δεδουλευκώς 2 Cl 17:7 (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; the basic diff. between master and slave is stated Aeschyl., Pr. 927).

① to be owned by another, be a slave, be subjected

ⓐ lit., of Hagar and Jerusalem Gal 4:25. τινί to someone (Jos., Ant. 4, 115.—C. Ap. 2, 128 the Egyptians claim τὸ μηδενὶ δουλεῦσαι. Likew. in Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 67 §286 the Rhodians are proud ἕνεκα τύχης ἐς τὸ νῦν ἀδουλώτου; Diod S 5, 15, 3 the Iolaës of Sardinia have maintained their freedom ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα … μέχρι τοῦ νῦν; in 5, 15, 4 even the Carthaginians οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν [αὐτοὺς] … καταδουλώσασθαι) J 8:33; Ac 7:7 (Gen 15:14); Ro 9:12; B 13:2 (both Gen 25:23; cp. Jos., Ant. 1, 275); 13:5 (Gen 48:19 altered after 25:23); 1 Cl 31:4 (Jacob by Laban [Gen 29:15, 20]; cp. Just., D. 134, 3).

ⓑ in imagery: of a change in masters Ro 7:6.

② to act or conduct oneself as one in total service to another, perform the duties of a slave, serve, obey.

ⓐ be in service to personal beings

α. to humans, w. dat. of pers. (PHal 1, 219 [III B.C.] ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεὺς τῷ Ἀλεξανδρεῖ μὴ δουλευέτω) Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13; 2 Cl 6:1 (on being a slave to more than one master s. Billerb. on Mt 6:24; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 203 II, 13f; 206, 16ff). τοσαῦτα ἔτη δ. σοι I have slaved for you so many years Lk 15:29, a statement about toil rather than actual status (cp. Gen 31:41). Abs. ἐν καθαρᾷ καρδίᾳ 2 Cl 11:1; μᾶλλον δ. let them be all the better slaves 1 Ti 6:2; πλέον δ. IPol 4:3. On Eph 6:7, see β. Fig., of loving service ἀλλήλοις Gal 5:13. δίκαιον εὖ δουλεύοντα πόλλοις 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11).

β. to transcendent beings, esp. in expressions relating to God or Jesus Christ as recipients of undivided allegiance, for, as indicated in α, a slave can take orders from only one master δ. τῷ θεῷ serve God, where God is thought of as κύριος, and a human as δοῦλος (Eur., Or. 418; Ex 23:33; Philo, Cher. 107, Somn. 2, 100; Jos., Ant. 7, 367; 8, 257; SibOr 3, 740; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 8, 17; cp. τοῖ κτισθεῖσιν ἀντὶ θεοῦ 3, 15, 17): Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13 (on both cp. Sextus 574 οὐκ ἔστιν ἅμα δουλεύειν ἡδονῇ κ. θεῷ); 1 Th 1:9; 2 Cl 11:1; 17:7; Pol 2:1 (Ps 2:11); 6:3; MPol 9:3; Hm 8:6; 12, 6, 2; Hs 4:2; Dg 2:5 τῷ δημιουργῷ; 1 Cl 26:1. τῷ Χριστῷ Ro 14:18; cp. 16:18; Col 3:24; abs. μετʼ εὐνοίας δ. render service (to your masters) w. good will Eph 6:7 (through wordplay Jesus Christ, as κύριος, is here viewed as the ultimate recipient of the slave’s service); τῷ κυρίῳ (Judg 2:7; 1 Km 7:4; 12:20) Ac 20:19; Ro 12:11 (v.l. τῷ καιρῷ.—δ. τῷ καιρῷ means ‘accommodate oneself to the occasion’ [Plut., Arat. 1047 [43, 2]; Pallad.: Anth. Pal. 9, 441; Procop. Soph., Ep. 113 H. δουλεύειν τῇ χρείᾳ καὶ πείθεσθαι τῷ καιρῷ. The contrast is with πράττειν ὅσα τις βούλεται, or Herodas 2, 9f: ζῶμεν οὐχ ὡς βουλόμεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἡμέας ὁ καιρὸς ἕλκει], and can have the unfavorable connotation ‘be an opportunist’; for this reason it is expressly rejected for this pass. by Athanas., Origen-Rufinus, and Jerome, but they may be interested in sanitizing the text. S. Ltzm. ad loc.); Hv 4, 2, 5; Hs 1:7; 4:5ff; 6, 3, 6; 8, 6, 2; the Holy Spirit 5, 6, 5; 7; elements or elemental spirits Gal 4:9, cp. vs. 8 (in a relig. sense also PGM 13, 72 κύριε, δουλεύω ὑπὸ τὸν σὸν κόσμον τῷ σῷ ἀγγέλῳ; lesser divinities [δαίμονες] Just., D. 83, 4; Tat. 17, 3).

ⓑ to things, by fig. ext. of mng. in a: Be a slave to sin Ro 6:6; the law (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 6, 28) 7:25; desire Hm 12, 2, 5; Tit 3:3 (X., Mem. 1, 5, 5, Apol. 16; Pla., Phdr. 238e ἡδονῇ; Polyb. 18, 15, 16; Herodian 1, 17, 9; Philo, Cher. 71; Jos., Ant. 15, 91 δ. ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις; Iren., 1, 6, 3 [Harv. I 56, 2]); the virtues Hv 3, 8, 8; m 12, 3, 1; faith m 9:12; τῇ κοιλίᾳ the belly, i.e. appetite (γαστρί X., Mem. 1, 6, 8; Anth. 11, 410, 4; cp. Ath. 31, 2) Ro 16:18. εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον serve in the gospel Phil 2:22. For Ro 12:11 v.l. καιρῷ s. 2aβ.—M-M. TW.

πιπράσκω (Aeschyl., Hdt.+.—B-D-F §101 p. 48; s. Mlt-H. 254) impf. ἐπίπρασκον; pf. πέπρακα (Mt 13:46 and Hv 1, 1, 1 it has aorist aspect; s. B-D-F §343, 1; Rob. 900). Pass.: fut. πραθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἐπράθην; pf. ptc. πεπραμένος to engage in vending, sell, w. acc. of thing Mt 13:46; Ac 2:45. Pass. 4:34; 5:4. W. gen. of price (Isaeus 7, 31; Lysias 18:20; Dt 21:14) Mt 26:9; J 12:5; πραθῆναι ἐπάνω δηναρίων τριακοσίων Mk 14:5 (s. ἐπάνω 2). W. acc. of pers. sell someone (as a slave) Hv 1, 1, 1. Pass. Mt 18:25. In imagery (Ps.-Demosth. 17, 13 τοῖς πεπρακόσιν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τἀναντία=‘to those who have sold themselves to what is opposed’ [to their country’s interests]) of a pers. who is sold as a slave to sin πεπραμένος ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν Ro 7:14 (sim. 3 Km 20:25; 4 Km 17:17; 1 Macc 1:15 ἐπράθησαν ποιῆσαι πονηρόν).—DELG s.v. πέρνημι. M-M. TW.

1 to work (en empleo, tarea) (hierro, barro, tierra).

¿de qué trabaja? what does she do (for a living)?

trabajar de/en to work as/in

trabajar en una empresa to work for a firm

ponerse a trabajar to get to work

Ellos trabajan hoy They work today.

Ellos trabajan la madera They work the wood.

2 to act (Cine & Teatro).

¡qué bien trabajan todos! the acting is really good!

3 to sell, to stock (vender) (producto, género, marca).

4 to work on or at.

5 to run.

Eso trabaja con gasolina That runs on gasoline.

6 to operate.

El condensador trabaja The condenser operates.

7 to work out for.

Me trabajó el diagrama The diagram worked out for me.

* * *

► verbo intransitivo

1 (gen) to work

■ trabaja mucho she works hard

■ trabaja en una cafetería she works in a coffee shop

2 (en obra, película) to act, perform

■ ¿quién trabaja en la obra? who's in the play?

3 figurado (soportar) to be under stress

■ esta cuerda trabaja mucho this rope is under stress

► verbo transitivo

1 (materiales) to work (on)

2 (idea, idioma, etc) to work on

3 (la tierra) to till

4 COCINA (pasta) to knead

► verbo pronominal trabajarse

1 (idea, idioma, etc) to work on

2 figurado (a alguien) to persuade

\

trabajar a alguien para que haga algo to talk somebody into doing something, try to persuade somebody to do something

trabajar a destajo to do piecework

trabajar como un,-a condenado,-a / trabajar como una bestia familiar to slave away

trabajar de to be, work as

■ trabaja de profesor he's a teacher

trabajar de balde to work for nothing

trabajar el hierro / trabajar la madera to work iron / work wood

trabajar en balde familiar to work in vain

trabajar por horas to be paid by the hour

* * *

1) to work

2) labor

* * *

1. VI

1) [persona] to work

- trabajar como un buey o como una mula

- trabajar como un condenado o un negro

2) (=funcionar) [fábrica] to work; [máquina] to run, work

3) [tierra, árbol] to bear, yield

2. VT

1) [+ tierra, cuero, madera] to work; [+ masa] to knead; [+ ingredientes] to mix in

2) [+ detalle, proyecto] to work on; [+ mente] to exercise

3) (Com) (=vender) to sell

4) [+ caballo] to train

trabajarse

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1) ( en empleo) to work

2) (en tarea, actividad) to work

3) ( actuar) to act, perform

4) (operar, funcionar) to work

1)

a) <campo/tierra> to work

b) <madera/cuero> to work

c) < masa> ( con las manos) to knead, work; ( con tenedor) to mix

2) <género/marca> to sell, stock

3) (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on

4) (fam) ( intentar convencer) < persona> to work on (colloq)

trabajarse v pron (fam)

a) <premio/ascenso> to work for

b) (enf) (fam) < persona> to work on (colloq)

* * *

= function, work.

Ex. The DOBIS/LIBIS allows both the library and the computer center to function efficiently and at a lower cost by sharing one system.

Ex. He represents how much can be accomplished by someone who has worked from the outside.

----

* acabar de trabajar = clock off + work.

* dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.

* dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.

* dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.

* deslomarse trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.

* empezar a trabajar = take + job.

* en edad de trabajar = working-age.

* espacio para trabajar = workspace.

* estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.

* familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.

* forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.

* hacer que Alguien trabaje exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.

* manera de trabajar = work practice.

* matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.

* menú de herramientas para trabajar con gráficos = tool palette.

* mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.

* ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.

* ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.

* que trabaja desde casa = home-based.

* que trabajan para él = in its employ.

* seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.

* seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.

* seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.

* seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.

* terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.

* trabajando = in post.

* trabajando con ahínco = hard at work.

* trabajando intensamente = hard at work.

* trabajando mucho = hard at work.

* trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

* trabajar a distancia = telecommute.

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.

* trabajar Algo exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.

* trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.

* trabajar a partir de = work forward.

* trabajar como persona en prácticas = intern.

* trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.

* trabajar como residente = intern.

* trabajar como una hormiguita = beaver away.

* trabajar como un bellaco = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.

* trabajar como un loco = work off + Posesivo + shoes.

* trabajar con = operate to, get into.

* trabajar conjuntamente = work + back to back, interwork.

* trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.

* trabajar con tesón = work + hard.

* trabajar de = serve as.

* trabajar de aprendiz con Alguien = apprentice.

* trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.

* trabajar de sol a sol = burn + the candle at both ends, work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.

* trabajar duro = labour [labor, -USA], toil, slave away.

* trabajar en = make + a life's work of.

* trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.

* trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).

* trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.

* trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.

* trabajar en grupo = team.

* trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).

* trabajar en red = network.

* trabajar estrechamente = work + closely together.

* trabajar hacia atrás = work backward.

* trabajar hacia delante = work forward.

* trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.

* trabajar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.

* trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.

* trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.

* trabajar intensamente = work + hard.

* trabajar juntos = work together, pull together.

* trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar mejor = work + best.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* trabajar mucho = work + hard.

* trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.

* trabajar para = in the employ of, act for.

* trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.

* trabajar por turnos = work on + a rota, work on + a rota system, work + shifts.

* trabajar sin descanso = work off + Posesivo + shoes, work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar sin preocupaciones = work along.

* trabajar sin respiro = work at + full tilt.

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1) ( en empleo) to work

2) (en tarea, actividad) to work

3) ( actuar) to act, perform

4) (operar, funcionar) to work

1)

a) <campo/tierra> to work

b) <madera/cuero> to work

c) < masa> ( con las manos) to knead, work; ( con tenedor) to mix

2) <género/marca> to sell, stock

3) (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on

4) (fam) ( intentar convencer) < persona> to work on (colloq)

trabajarse v pron (fam)

a) <premio/ascenso> to work for

b) (enf) (fam) < persona> to work on (colloq)

* * *

* * *

trabajar [A1 ]

A (en un empleo) to work

empiezo a trabajar mañana I start work tomorrow

¿a qué hora entras a trabajar ? what time do you start work?

el lunes no se trabaja Monday is a holiday

trabajar por su cuenta or por cuenta propia to be self-employed

los que trabajamos jornada completa or a tiempo completo those of us who work full-time

trabajar fuera (de casa) or ( AmL) trabajar afuera to go out to work

trabajar en las minas/en el campo to work in o down the mines/on the land

trabaja para una compañía extranjera she works for a foreign company

trabajan a jornal fijo they are paid a fixed daily rate

trabaja bien aunque le falta experiencia she does her job well o she's a good worker although she lacks experience

los ponían a trabajar desde niños they were sent out to work from an early age

¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?, what line are you in?, what sort of work do you do?

trabaja en publicidad she works in o she is in advertising

trabajar DE or COMO algo to work AS sth

trabaja de camarero por las noches he works as a waiter in the evenings

B (en una tarea, actividad) to work

deja de perder el tiempo y ponte a trabajar stop wasting time and start doing some work o get working

voy a ir a trabajar un poco a la biblioteca I'm going to go and do some work in the library

trabajó mucho he worked hard

nos han tenido trabajando todo el día they've kept us (hard) at it all day ( colloq)

trabajar EN algo to work ON sth

estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel

trabajamos en la búsqueda de una solución we are working on o working to find a solution

trabajamos en contra de la aprobación de la ley we are working to prevent o we are trying to stop the law being passed

siempre ha trabajado por la paz she has always worked for peace o to promote peace

trabajar como una bestia or un negro or un enano or un chino ( fam); to work like a slave, to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out ( BrE colloq)

C (actuar) to act, perform

¿quién trabaja en la película? who's in the movie?, who are the actors in the movie?

ella trabaja muy bien she's a very good performer o actress o she's very good

trabajó en una película de Saura he was in one of Saura's films

(operar, funcionar): la empresa trabaja a pérdida the company is running o operating at a loss

la fábrica está trabajando a tope the factory is working o operating at full capacity

tienen mucha maquinaria ociosa, sin trabajar they have a lot of spare machinery standing idle

los motores trabajan al máximo al despegar the engines work o operate o run at full throttle during take off

haga trabajar su dinero make your money work for you

hemos logrado que las mareas trabajen para nosotros we have succeeded in harnessing the tides

el tiempo trabaja en contra nuestra/en nuestro favor time is (working) against us/is on our side

un problema que hace trabajar el cerebro a problem which exercises the mind

1 ‹masa› (con las manos) to knead, work; (con un tenedor) to mix

2 ‹madera/cuero/oro› to work

3 ‹campo/tierra› to work

B ‹género/marca› to sell, stock

C (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on

hay que trabajar la escena final we must work on the last scene

tengo que trabajarlo un poco más I have to work on it a bit more o do some more work on it

D ( fam) (intentar convencer) to work on ( colloq)

( fam)

1 ‹premio/ascenso› to work for

2 ( enf) ( fam); ‹persona› to work on ( colloq)

todavía me lo estoy trabajando I'm still working on him

* * *

◊ trabajar por cuenta propia to be self-employed;

◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work

b) ‹ masa› ( con las manos) to knead, work

* * *

♦ vi

1. [tener un empleo] to work;

no trabajes tanto you shouldn't work so hard;

trabajar a tiempo parcial/completo to work part time/full time;

¿de qué trabaja? what does she do (for a living)?;

trabaja de o [m5] como taxista he's a taxi driver, he works as a taxi driver;

trabajar de autónomo to be self-employed;

trabajar de voluntario to do voluntary work;

trabajar en una empresa to work for a firm;

trabaja en personal she works in personnel;

trabaja para una multinacional she works for a multinational;

trabajar por horas to work by the hour;

trabajar por cuenta propia/ajena to be self-employed/an employee;

trabajar afuera to work outside the home;

trabajar en casa to work at o from home

2. [realizar una tarea] to work;

tiene que trabajar más si quiere aprobar she has to work harder if she wants to pass;

ponerse a trabajar to get to work;

está trabajando en un nuevo guión he's working on a new script;

trabajamos mucho con empresas japonesas we do a lot of business with Japanese companies

3. [actor] to act;

trabajaba en “Vértigo” she was in “Vertigo”;

¡qué bien trabajan todos! the acting is really good!

4. [funcionar] to work;

la central nuclear trabaja ya a pleno rendimiento the nuclear power station is now operating at maximum capacity;

los pulmones son los que trabajan it demands a lot of your lungs;

hacer trabajar una máquina to load a machine;

hacer trabajar un músculo to exercise a muscle

♦ vt

1. [hierro, barro, madera, cuero] to work;

2. [vender] [producto, género, marca] to sell, to stock;

sólo trabajamos esta marca we only sell o stock this brand

3. [mejorar] to work on o at;

debes trabajar la pronunciación you need to work on o at your pronunciation;

trabajar los músculos to build up one's muscles

4. Fam [convencer]

♦ See also the pronominal verb trabajarse

* * *

I v/i work;

trabajar de camarero work as a waiter

II v/t work; tema, músculos work on;

trabajar media jornada work part-time

* * *

trabajar vi

1) : to work

trabaja mucho: he works hard

trabajo de secretaria: I work as a secretary

2) : to strive

trabajan por mejores oportunidades: they're striving for better opportunities

3) : to act, to perform

trabajar en una película: to be in a movie

trabajar vt

1) : to work (metal)

2) : to knead

3) : to till

4) : to work on

tienes que trabajar el español: you need to work on your Spanish

* * *

trabajar vb to work

1 inert (materia).

2 lifeless.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (materia, gas) inert

2 (cadáver) lifeless

* * *

1) (Fís) inert

2) (=sin vida) lifeless; (=inmóvil) inert, motionless

* * *

a) [SER] (Quím) inert

b) [ESTAR] ( sin movimiento) inert (liter), motionless; ( sin vida) lifeless

* * *

= inert, numb.

Nota: La "b" no se pronuncia (ni tampoco en aplomb, bomb, climb, plumb, succumb).

Ex. Nevertheless, deacidification alone will not stop the decay unless soluble copper compounds are removed from the object or converted to chemically inert compounds.

Ex. Her most recent collection is a numb poem focused on the nameless slave who saved Oedipus.

----

* estar inerte = lie + fallow.

* * *

a) [SER] (Quím) inert

b) [ESTAR] ( sin movimiento) inert (liter), motionless; ( sin vida) lifeless

* * *

= inert, numb.

Nota: La "b" no se pronuncia (ni tampoco en aplomb, bomb, climb, plumb, succumb).

* * *

1 [ SER] ( Quím) inert

gas inerte inert gas

2 [ ESTAR] (sin movimiento) inert ( liter), motionless; (sin vida) lifeless

* * *

* * *

inerte adj

1. [materia] inert

2. [cuerpo, cadáver] lifeless

* * *

adj fig

lifeless; FÍS inert

* * *

inerte adj

: inert

slave trade.

trata de blancas white slave trade

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: tratar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 slave trade

\

trata de blancas white-slave trade

* * *

* * *

femenino trade

- trata de blancas

- trata de esclavos

* * *

----

* trata de esclavos = slave trade.

* trata de mujeres = trafficking in women.

* trata de niños = trafficking in children.

* trata de seres humanos = trafficking in human beings.

* * *

femenino trade

- trata de blancas

- trata de esclavos

* * *

* trata de esclavos = slave trade.

* trata de mujeres = trafficking in women.

* trata de niños = trafficking in children.

* trata de seres humanos = trafficking in human beings.

* * *

trade

white slavery, white-slave trade

slave trade

human trade

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

◊ traten de llegar temprano try to arrive early;

◊ la conferencia trataá sobre medicina alternativa the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

◊ en mi trabajo trato con gente de todo tipo in my job I deal with all kinds of people

◊ me tratan muy bien they treat me very well

◊ lo trataba cuando era joven I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

a) (Med) to treat

b) ‹sustancia/metal› to treat

◊ no nos tratamos mucho ( recíp) we don't have much to do with each other

◊ se tratan sin ningún respeto they show no respect for each other

◊ tratarse de (en 3a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about;

◊ ¿de qué se trata? what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de) to be a question of;

◊ se trata de participar, no de ganar it's a question of taking part, not of winning;

* * *

trata nf

* * *

f trade

1 offspring (hijos).

morir sin descendencia to die without issue

2 lineage, descent (linaje).

3 descendants, offspring, progeny, descent.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 offspring, descendants plural

\

morir sin descendencia to die without issue, leave no children

* * *

1) (=descendientes) descendants pl

2) (=origen) descent

* * *

femenino descendants (pl)

* * *

= progeny, descent, offspring.

Ex. Microcomputers sets the stage for an interactive environment that can banish the 'master-slave' architecture of television and its progeny, the culture of passivity.

Ex. The editions of a work need have little in common other than descent from a common origin.

Ex. Regrettably, hardly any flags have been raised as to what it all will mean for our offspring.

* * *

femenino descendants (pl)

* * *

* * *

descendants (pl)

murió sin (dejar) descendencia he died without issue ( frml), he left no children

* * *

* * *

descendencia nf

1. [hijos] offspring;

morir sin (dejar) descendencia to die without issue;

tener descendencia [hijos] to have offspring/descendants

2. [linaje] lineage, descent

* * *

f descendants pl

* * *

descendencia nf

1) : descendants pl

2) linaje: descent, lineage

1 to look up (dato, fecha).

me consultó antes de hacerlo he consulted me before doing it; (me pidió consejo) he asked me before he did it (me pidió permiso)

María consultó los datos previamente Mary looked up the information previously

2 to consult, to check, to counsel, to deliberate.

María consultó y le fue bien Mary consulted and came out fine.

María consulta a doctores siempre Mary consults doctors always.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 (pedir opinión) to consult ( con, with/-), seek advice ( con, from)

■ consulté con mis padres I consulted with my parents

2 (buscar en un libro) to look up

■ consulté la palabra en el diccionario I looked up the word in the dictionary

\

consultar con un abogado to consult a lawyer, take legal advice

consultar con un médico to consult a doctor, take medical advice

consultarlo con la almohada figurado to sleep on it

* * *

* * *

1. VT

1) (=pedir opinión) to consult

- consultar algo con la almohada

2) [+ diccionario, libro, base de datos, archivo] to consult

* * *

verbo transitivo <persona/obra> to consult; <dato/duda> to look up

* * *

= browse, check with, consult, interrogate, run over, search (for), have + a look, search through, confer (with), roam over, turn to, look at.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.

Ex. Many reference sources which were once available only in hard copy are now available either in hard copy, or to be consulted by online access to a computer-held data base.

Ex. Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.

Ex. You dial a number and the machine selects and connects just one of a million possible stations; it does not run over them all.

Ex. This access is achieved by organising the tools so that a user may search under a specific access point or heading or index term, for example, subject term, author, name, title, date.

Ex. I thought you might like to have a look at American Libraries' report on the IFLA conference in Glasgow.

Ex. Users of the Web database will be able to search through this collection of American slave narratives by first and last name of narrator, county and state of servitude, year of birth, and name of master = Los usuarios de la base de datos web podrán consultar esta colección de relatos de esclavos americanos por nombre y apellido del narrador, país y condición de servidumbre, año de nacimiento y nombre del amo.

Ex. The system has been designed to allow several people to confer simultaneously over a network.

Ex. According to Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the semantic web, intelligent agent software will have the ability to understand the meaning (semantics) of the information they are roaming over in order to make the users' searches more inherently meaningful and efficient.

Ex. We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.

Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.

----

* consultar a Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.

* consultar a través de los índices = browse.

* consultar con la almohada = sleep on + it.

* consultar con otro especialista = get + a second opinion.

* consultar con otro experto = get + a second opinion.

* consultar con + Pronombre = run + ideas + past + Pronombre.

* consultar el catálogo = consult + catalogue.

* consultar los fondos = search + holdings.

* consultar un índice = search + index.

* facilidad de consulta = browsability.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* que se puede consultar = queriable.

* tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

* volver a consultar = revisit, check back.

* * *

verbo transitivo <persona/obra> to consult; <dato/duda> to look up

* * *

* * *

consultar [A1 ]

1 ‹persona/obra› to consult

consulté a un abogado/especialista I consulted a lawyer/specialist

lo decidió sin consultarme he took the decision without consulting me

consulta el diccionario consult the dictionary, look it up in the dictionary

2 ‹dato/duda› to look up consultar algo CON algn to consult sb ABOUT sth

tendré que consultarlo con mi esposa I'll have to consult my wife o talk to my wife about it

B ( Chi frml) (disponer) to provide

consultar CON algn to consult sb

no tomes una decisión sin antes consultar con él don't make a decision without consulting him o talking to him first

* * *

* * *

♦ vt

1. [pidiendo consejo] [persona] to consult;

consulte el manual antes de comenzar el montaje [en instrucciones] read the manual before assembling;

lo tengo que consultar con mi abogado I have to talk to o consult my lawyer about it;

me consultó antes de hacerlo [me pidió consejo] he consulted me before doing it;

consultarlo con la almohada to sleep on it

2. [buscando información] [dato, fecha] to look up;

consúltalo en el diccionario look it up in the dictionary

♦ vi

consultar con to consult, to seek advice from;

consulté con mis colegas el asunto del que me hablaste I asked my colleagues about the matter you mentioned

* * *

v/t consult;

consultar algo en el diccionario look sth up in the dictionary

* * *

consultar vt

: to consult

* * *

consultar vb

1. (preguntar) to consult

2. (libro) to look up

1 continuous, around-the-clock, constant, round-the-clock.

Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...

2 nonstop.

3 continuous, one-piece, non broken.

4 continuous, not discrete, indiscrete.

Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...

1 continuum, whole, undivided whole.

2 continuo, bass accompaniment in a musical score.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (seguido) continuous

2 (continuado) continual, constant

► nombre masculino continuo

1 (todo) continuum

2 (de gente) flow

\

corriente continua direct current

movimiento continuo perpetual motion

► nombre masculino

1 (todo) continuum

2 (de gente) flow

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=ininterrumpido) [línea, fila] continuous; [dolor, movimiento, crecimiento] constant, continuous; [pesadilla, molestia] constant

2) (=frecuente, repetido) [llamadas, amenazas, críticas, cambios] constant, continual

3) (Fís) [movimiento] perpetual

4) (Elec) [corriente] direct

5) (Ling) continuous

6)

SM (Fís) continuum

* * *

- nua adjetivo

a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual

b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant

c)

continuum masculino (frml) continuum

* * *

= continual, continued, continuing, continuous, ongoing [on-going], persistent, running, sustained, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], continuum, uninterrupted, long-term, everlasting, unrelieved, back-to-back, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless.

Ex. The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.

Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.

Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.

Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.

Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.

Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.

Ex. Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.

Ex. Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.

Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.

Ex. At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).

Ex. For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.

Ex. Many long-term residents feel that Junctionville should be governed the way it was before Groome appeared -- by 'good old boys' who had worked their way up, who eschewed issues, and who faithfully rewarded their cronies.

Ex. Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.

Ex. Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.

Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.

Ex. But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.

Ex. The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.

Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.

----

* en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.

* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting.

* flujo continuo = continuum.

* formación continua = continuing training.

* formación continua en el trabajo = workplace learning.

* máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.

* miedo continuo = nagging fear.

* paginación continua = continuous pagination.

* papel continuo de periódico = newsprint.

* papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.

* temor continuo = nagging fear.

* texto continuo = stream of text.

* * *

- nua adjetivo

a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual

b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant

c)

continuum masculino (frml) continuum

* * *

* * *

1 ‹dolor› (sin interrupción) constant; ‹movimiento/sonido› continuous, constant; ‹lucha› continual

2 (frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant

estoy harto de sus continuas protestas I'm fed up of his continual o constant complaining

de continuo continuamente

( frml)

continuum

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

◊ si las cosas continúan así if things go on o continue like this;

◊ la película continúa en cartelera the movie is still showing;

a) ( sin interrupción) ‹ dolor› constant;

b) ( frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant

* * *

♦ adj

1. [ininterrumpido] continuous;

las continuas lluvias obligaron a suspender el partido the continuous rain forced them to call off the game

2. [perseverante] continual;

me irritan sus continuas preguntas her continual questioning irritates me

3. [unido] continuous;

papel continuo continuous stationery

♦ nm

1. [sucesión] succession, series

2. Fís continuum

3. Ling continuum

♦ de continuo loc adv

continually

* * *

1 ( sin parar) continuous;

de continuo constantly

2 ( frecuente) continual

* * *

continuo, - nua adj

: continuous, steady, constant

♦ continuamente adv

* * *

continuo adj

1. (ininterrumpido) continuous

2. (repetido) continual

1 callus (dureza).

dar el callo (informal figurative) to slog

2 sight, fright (informal) (persona fea).

3 corn, callus, clavus, callosity.

4 unattractive person.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: callar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 MEDICINA callus, corn

2 familiar (persona fea) ugly sight

► nombre masculino plural callos

1 COCINA tripe sing

* * *

* * *

1) (Med) [de pie] corn; [de mano] callus, callosity frm

- criar callos

- dar el callo

2) * (=persona fea)

3) pl callos (Culin) tripe sing

* * *

1) ( en los dedos del pie) corn; (en la planta del pie, en las manos) callus; ( en una fractura) callus

2) (Esp pey) ( persona fea)

3) callos masculino plural (Esp) (Coc) tripe

* * *

= corn.

Ex. Using a pumice stone or an emery board can also help with removing hard skin but they don't work well for corns.

* * *

1) ( en los dedos del pie) corn; (en la planta del pie, en las manos) callus; ( en una fractura) callus

2) (Esp pey) ( persona fea)

3) callos masculino plural (Esp) (Coc) tripe

* * *

* * *

A (en los dedos del pie) corn; (en la planta del pie) callus; (en las manos) callus; (en una fractura) callus

dar el callo ( Esp fam); to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out ( BrE colloq), to slave away ( colloq)

callus ( on the ball of the foot)

B ( pey)

(persona fea): es un callo he's so ugly

C callos mpl ( Esp) ( Coc) tripe

( Méx) ( Coc) scallop

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

◊ no pude hacerlo callo I couldn't get him to be quiet;

a) ‹secreto/información› to keep … quiet

b) (AmL) ‹ persona› to get … to be quiet, to shut … up (colloq)

a) ( guardar silencio) to be quiet;

◊ ¡cállate! be quiet!, shut up! (colloq);

b) ( no decir) ‹ noticia› to keep … quiet, keep … to oneself

a) ( en los dedos del pie) corn;

◊ callos sustantivo masculino plural (Esp) (Coc) tripe

* * *

callo nm

1. [dureza] callus;

dar el callo to slog;

tener callo [estar acostumbrado] to be hardened

2. Med [en fractura] callus

3. Fam [persona fea] sight, fright;

ser un callo to look a real sight

4. Esp

* * *

1 callus;

dar el callo fig fam slog away fam

2 fig fam

ugly man/woman;

ser un callo be plug ugly fam, be as ugly as sin

callos pl GASTR tripe sg

* * *

callo nm

: callus, corn

* * *

callo n (del pie) corn

1 hard, hard-core, stiff, strong.

2 hard, hard-boiled, hard-bitten, severe.

3 hard, tough, difficult, rough.

4 headstrong, unbending, obdurate.

5 harsh, severe.

hard, with force.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: durar.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 hard

2 (carne) tough; (pan) stale

3 (difícil) hard, difficult

4 (cruel) tough, hardhearted, callous

5 (resistente) strong, tough

6 (obstinado) obstinate, stubborn

► nombre masculino duro

1 (antiguamente) five pesetas; (moneda) five-peseta coin

2 familiar tough guy

► adverbio

1 hard

■ dale duro hit him hard

\

lo que faltaba para el duro familiar just what I (we etc) needed!

ser duro,-a de mollera to be thick, be as thick as two short planks

► nombre masculino

1 (antiguamente) five pesetas; (moneda) five-peseta coin

2 familiar tough guy

► adverbio

1 hard

■ dale duro hit him hard

* * *